04.09.2023 Redaktion
Our immune system needs support – Part 1
Our immune system is often overwhelmed these days
Humans have existed in their present form for around 200,000 years. It is primarily thanks to our immune system that the daily attacks by bacteria, viruses and millions of toxins have not led to our extinction. The immune system consists of a highly complex and very efficient network of different tissues, cells and cell products whose main physiological task is to recognize and eliminate foreign, "non-self" material. A number of influencing factors can affect the body's own defenses and severely disrupt its homeostasis. For example, negative stress ("distress") leads to the body being flooded with stress hormones. The increased release of stress hormones such as cortisol causes immunosuppression, which is associated with an increased risk of infection and can ultimately also adversely affect the body's own tumor surveillance. It is therefore not uncommon for a cold or flu-like infection to set in immediately after situations that are associated with increased pressure to perform and stress (e.g. exams).
Certain medications are also associated with a restriction of the immune system. Antibiotics should be mentioned here in particular. There are several points of attack for the pathogens, such as the inhibition of cell wall formation or the protein biosynthesis of the bacteria and thus also the reduction of reproduction. Despite these targeted attacks on pathogenic germs, there are still disadvantages for the health of users. It is now well known to what extent anti-infectious drugs can affect the intestinal microbiota and thus also the intestine-associated immune system. However, the drugs can also have a detrimental extraintestinal effect, as a recent animal study has shown. In this study, it was observed that under the influence of antibiotics (in this case ciprofloxacin) metabolites are formed that inhibit phagocytosis by reducing the respiratory activity of these defense cells. At the same time, this study showed that the metabolites formed significantly reduce the efficacy of the antibiotic. Another
Another recent study provided evidence that the use of antibiotics weakens the viral defense and can promote lung infections.
And finally, our immune system is affected by environmental toxins and other noxious substances on a daily basis. Environmental chemicals (such as bisphenols, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and many more) are associated with immune deficiencies and immune regulation disorders, which in turn can have far-reaching consequences for health (e.g. allergies, fertility disorders, inflammation). According to the American Chemical Society, the number of measurable foreign substances has multiplied in recent decades. For example, according to the "Pesticide Atlas 2022" presented by the Pesticide Action Network (PAN Germany), the use of herbicides and insecticides has increased by around 80% since the 1990s.
Support in the form of zinc and vitamin C, for example
In order to maintain the functionality of the immune system's complex network, it is essential to have a quantitatively satisfactory supply of all the essential nutrients that other tissues also need - however, a deficiency of individual vital micronutrients can have a more dramatic effect on the rapidly dividing cells of the immune system than on other body tissues and significantly reduce its performance.
The trace element zinc is one of the most important immune-relevant vital substances. Zinc influences all levels of the body's immune system. For example, zinc is a cofactor of thymulin, a peptide hormone of the thymus epithelial cells, which is involved in the maturation of T-lymphocytes. The trace element is bound to thymulin in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. Only this linkage enables the activation of the peptide hormone. Zinc is also required for the blastogenesis of B cells, phagocytosis, complement activation and the production of cytokines. It is now also known that the secretion or activation of immunologically important messenger substances, such as various interleukins or the dimerization of interferon-alpha, is zinc-dependent.
A zinc deficiency can lead to immunological changes that are initially subclinical and are therefore often overlooked in practice, but can lead to pronounced immunodeficiencies in the long term. It is known that a long-term deficient zinc status has a negative effect on both cellular and humoral immune parameters. This affects phagocytosis performance as well as the activity of the complement system or antibody production.
antibody production. Lymphopenia, thymus and lymph node atrophy, reduced activity of natural killer cells and a shift in the ratio of lymphocyte subpopulations were also observed.
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is present in particularly high concentrations in leukocytes. Mononuclear leukocytes contain a vitamin C concentration 80 times higher than that of plasma. Vitamin C promotes T-lymphocyte blastogenesis and increases the motility of granulocytes. With the onset of a viral infection, there is often a significant drop in vitamin C concentrations in the leukocytes and in the plasma. Within a few hours, the vitamin C level can drop to the scurvy limit. Vitamin C is essential for phagocytosis activity by macrophages. On the one hand, it stimulates the formation of free radicals, by means of which the pathogenic microorganisms are killed (killer function of free radicals), on the other hand, it protects the phagocytes themselves from the oxidative effect of the radical species. Vitamin C not only directly stimulates the phagocytosis performance of the organism, but also promotes the formation of complement system components, which in turn have a strengthening effect on phagocytosis. In addition, vitamin C increases antibody production (immunoglobulins), stimulates interferon synthesis and thus strengthens the antiviral defense against infection.
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